The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II.
Many variants of the Spitfire were built, using several wing configurations.
It was the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war.
The Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high performance interceptor aircraft by R. J. Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong from 1928.
Mitchell developed the Spitfire’s distinctive elliptical wing with innovative sunken rivets (designed by Beverley Shenstone) to have the thinnest possible cross-section, achieving a potential top speed greater than that of several contemporary fighter aircraft, including the Hawker Hurricane.
Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death in 1937, whereupon his colleague Joseph Smith took over as chief designer, overseeing the Spitfire’s development through many variants.
During the Battle of Britain (July–October 1940), the public perceived the Spitfire to be the main RAF fighter. In fact the more numerous Hurricane shouldered more of the burden of resisting the Luftwaffe.
The Spitfire was a better fighter aircraft than the Hurricane. Spitfire units had a lower attrition rate and a higher victory-to-loss ratio than those flying Hurricanes, probably because of the Spitfire’s higher performance.
During the battle, Spitfires were generally tasked with engaging Luftwaffe fighters, mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109E series aircraft, which were a close match for them.
After the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire superseded the Hurricane as the principal aircraft of RAF Fighter Command, and was used in the European, Mediterranean, Pacific, and South-East Asian theatres.
Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire operated in several roles, including interceptor, photo-reconnaissance, fighter-bomber, and trainer, and it continued to do so until the 1950s.
The Seafire was an aircraft carrier based adapted version of the Spitfire, used in the Fleet Air Arm from 1942 until the mid 1950s.
The original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW).
It was strong enough and adaptable enough to use increasingly powerful Merlins and in later marks, Rolls-Royce Griffon engines producing up to 2,340 hp (1,745 kW).
As a result, the Spitfire’s performance and capabilities improved over the course of its service life.
Variants
Merlin engine
Mk Ia
(K9793-early production, de Havilland two speed propeller)
