The Airco DH.1 was an early military biplane of typical Farman pattern flown by Britain’s Royal Flying Corps during World War I.
By the time the powerplant for which it was designed was sufficiently plentiful it was obsolete as an operational aircraft, and apart from a few examples sent to the Middle East it served as a trainer and Home Defence fighter.
Geoffrey de Havilland was one of the pioneering designers at the Royal Aircraft Factory and was partially or wholly responsible for most pre-war “Factory” designs.
When he left to become chief designer at The Aircraft Manufacturing Company (Airco) in 1914, his first design was strongly reminiscent of the F.E.2, one of the last designs on which he had worked at the Royal Aircraft Factory.
Like the F.E.2, the DH.1 was of pusher configuration, accommodating its pilot and observer in two open tandem cockpits in the nose.
The observer’s cockpit was stepped down below the pilot’s and equipped with a machine gun.
The wings were of typical fabric covered, two bay, unstaggered, unswept, equal span design, while the stabilizer and rudder were carried on the end of two long, open framework booms.
The type, like the F.E.2b, was designed for the water-cooled Beardmore 120 hp (89 kW) inline engine.
However, all available Beardmore engines were required for F.E.2b and R.E.5 production, so the air cooled Renault 70 hp (52 kW) V8 engine was installed instead.
The prototype was fitted with aerofoils attached to the side of the nacelle which could be rotated through 90 degrees to act as air brakes, an unusual feature for the time, although they were soon removed.
It had a fixed conventional landing gear with the main wheels carried on V-struts, using coil springs and oleos for the suspension.
In January 1915 Geoffrey de Havilland piloted the D.H.1 prototype on its first flight at Hendon.
Although the Renault engine left it underpowered, performance was still reasonable and the type was ordered into production, with an initial order of 49 being placed.
Airco was already occupied with building and designing other aircraft, so DH.1 production was undertaken by Savages Limited of King’s Lynn, which had previously manufactured fairground equipment.
These aircraft used a simpler rubber cord suspension, and had a revised cockpit coaming to give a better field of fire for the observer’s gun.
Production was initially very slow, and only five examples of the type had reached the RFC by the end of 1915.
Later production machines were fitted with the Beardmore engine, as originally intended, as these had become more plentiful.
This version was redesignated the DH.1A.
Although testing of the DH.1A showed it to be at least as good as the F.E.2b, this was hardly a recommendation, as the F.E. was itself already slated for replacement with more modern tractor types.
Nonetheless, a further order for 50 DH.1As was placed with Savages.
By the time of the DH.1’s first flight, a single-seat “follow-up” was already being considered; and by June 1915 the first D.H.2 had already made its maiden flight.
Designed essentially as a smaller version of the D.H.1, the D.H. 2 was to become of one of the most important British fighters of the period.
Specifications
Crew
Two (pilot and observer)
Length
28 ft 11 5⁄8 in (8.830 m)
Wingspan
41 ft 0 in (12.50 m)
Height
11 ft 4 in (3.45 m)
Wing area
426 1⁄4 sq ft (39.60 m2)
Empty weight
1,356 lb (615 kg)
Gross weight
2,044 lb (927 kg)
Powerplant
1 × Renault Type W,
70 hp (52 kW)
Performance
Maximum speed
80 mph (130 km/h, 70 kn)
Rate of climb
350 ft/min (1.8 m/s)
Armament
Guns
1× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis machine gun for observer.
