World War II History
The Grumman F6F Hellcat was a carrier-based fighter aircraft that played a decisive role in securing Allied air superiority in the Pacific Theatre during World War II.
Developed as a successor to the F4F Wildcat, the Hellcat was designed to counter the formidable Mitsubishi A6M Zero, which had dominated early aerial engagements.
Development & Design
Initiated in 1938, the Hellcat’s development accelerated after the U.S. entered the war.
The first prototype, XF6F-1, flew on 26 June 1942, originally powered by a Wright R-2600 engine.
Based on combat feedback, Grumman upgraded the design to use the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine, boosting performance by 25%.
The Hellcat featured
A low-mounted wing for better stability.
A raised cockpit for improved visibility.
Wide-set landing gear for safer carrier landings.
Self-sealing fuel tanks and armour plating to protect the pilot.
Combat Debut & Operational Use
Entered combat in August 1943 during a raid on Marcus Island.
Proved its mettle in the Battle of Tarawa (Nov 1943), downing 30 Zeros with only one Hellcat lost.
Participated in every major Pacific campaign from 1943 to 1945, including:
Rabaul, Wake Island, Philippine Sea, and Okinawa.
Played a key role in the “Great Marianas Turkey Shoot”, where U.S. pilots decimated Japanese air forces.
Performance & Impact
Top speed: 380 mph; service ceiling: 37,300 ft.
Armament: six .50 cal Browning machine guns, rockets, and bombs.
Kill ratio: 19:1 overall; 13:1 against the A6M Zero.
Credited with 5,271 aerial victories, making it the most successful naval fighter of all time.
305 Hellcat pilots became aces, including Captain David McCampbell, who scored 34 kills.
International Service
Supplied to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease; initially called the Gannet, later standardised as Hellcat.
British Hellcats saw action in Norway, the Mediterranean, and the Far East.
Also operated by France and Uruguay, with Uruguay using them until 1961.
Night Fighters & Variants
F6F-3N and F6F-5N equipped with AN/APS-4 radar for night operations.
Night fighters claimed their first victories in November 1943.
F6F-5P variant used for photo reconnaissance.
Legacy
Total production: 12,275 units, with 11,000 built in just two years.
Phased out post-war in favour of newer jets like the F8F Bearcat.
Some Hellcats were converted into remote-controlled drones during the Korean War.
Variants
XF6F prototypes
XF6F-1
First prototype, powered by a two-stage 1,600 hp (1,193 kW) Wright R-2600-10 Cyclone 14 radial piston engine.
XF6F-2
The first XF6F-1 prototype revised and fitted with a turbocharged Wright R-2600-16 Cyclone radial piston engine.
R-2600 replaced by turbocharged R-2800-21.
XF6F-3
Second prototype fitted with a two-stage supercharged 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10 Double Wasp radial piston engine.
XF6F-4
One F6F-3 fitted with a two-stage, two-speed supercharged 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-27 Double Wasp radial piston engine.
XF6F-6
Two F6F-5s that were fitted with the 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-18W radial piston engine, and four-bladed propellers.
Series production
F6F-3
(British designation Gannet F. Mk. I, and then later, renamed Hellcat F. Mk. I, January 1944)
Single-seat fighter, fighter-bomber aircraft, powered by a 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10 Double Wasp radial piston engine.
F6F-3E
Night fighter version, equipped with an AN/APS-4 radar in a fairing on the starboard outer wing.
F6F-3N
Another night fighter version, equipped with a newer AN/APS-6 radar in a fairing on the starboard outer wing.
F6F-5 Hellcat
(British Hellcat F. Mk. II)
Improved version, with a redesigned engine cowling, a new windscreen structure with an integral bulletproof windscreen, new ailerons and strengthened tail surfaces; powered by a 2,200 hp (1,641 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10W (-W denotes Water Injection) radial piston engine.
F6F-5K Hellcat
A number of F6F-5s and F6F-5Ns were converted into radio-controlled target drones.
F6F-5N Hellcat
(British Hellcat N.F. Mk II)
Night fighter version, fitted with an AN/APS-6 radar.
Some were armed with two 20 mm (0.79 in) AN/M2 cannon in the inner wing bays and four 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns in the outer.
F6F-5P Hellcat
Small numbers of F6F-5s were converted into photo-reconnaissance aircraft, with the camera equipment being fitted in the rear fuselage.
Hellcat FR. Mk. II
This designation was given to British Hellcats fitted with camera equipment.
